| FY 2025 BUDGET RESOLUTION & RECONCILIATION TRACKERS | |||
| Budget Resolution Tracker (established reconciliation instructions for each committee — see Title II) |
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| House Action | Senate Action | Hse-Sen Agreement | |
| FY 2025 BUDGET RESOLUTION |
H.Con.Res. 14 2/25: passed House 217-215; H.Rpt. 119-4 |
S.Con.Res. 7 2/21: passed Senate 52-48 Budget tables (no report filed) SBC summary |
4/10: House passed the Senate’s revised budget resolution putting the concurrent resolution on the budget into effect (this is an internal congressional framework–not a law; presidential signature is not required). |
| 4/10: Revised budget resolution passed House 216-214 | 4/2: Senate unveils revised resolution 4/5: passed Senate 51-48 |
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| Budget Reconciliation Tracker |
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| See our weekly column, Trillions on substack, for analysis of the unfolding budget reconciliation bill. | |||
| See our book, Trillions: A Primer on Federal Spending, Taxes, and the U.S. Debt Ceiling, for a nonpartisan explanation of budget reconciliation and the Senate’s Byrd Rule. |
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| THIS YEAR’S RECONCILITION PROCESS IN A NUTSHELL — current stage in red: 1. House and Senate adopt a budget resolution including reconciliation instructions to the tax and authorizing committees to make specified amounts budgetary changes in tax and entitlement spending laws. 2. House committees markup their respective titles of the bill. 3. House Budget Committee packages all of the titles (each committee’s piece of the bill) into a single bill. 4. Combined bill advances to the House Rules Committee, where Leadership can negotiate changes to the bill in order to secure sufficient votes for passage by the full House. 5. Full House votes on the reconciliation bill. If passed, the bill goes to the Senate for consideration. 6. Senate Committees will then meet–formally in markups or informally in GOP conferences–to consider changes to the House provisions, including changes necessitated by the Senate’s “Byrd Rule–which allows only “budgetary provisions” to be included in a reconciliation bill and does not permit provisions that increase long-term deficits. 7. Senate Budget Committee packages all of the Senate-amended provisions into a single Senate substitute amendment. 8. Full Senate considers the Senate substitute and votes on amendments to change budgetary levels or strike provisions. 9. If the Senate passes an alternative version: (1) the Senate can send its version back to the House for a vote; or (2) the Senate can request a conference with the House to negotiate the final bill. |
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| BUDGET ITEM | 10-YEAR COMMITTEE INSTRUCTIONS FYs 2025-2034 Deficit increases in red Spending cuts in green |
HOUSE Budget Reconciliation Committee and Floor Action |
SENATE Budget Reconciliation Committee and Floor Action |
| House Floor Action Senate Floor Action |
6/18: CRFB: House bill would cost more on a dynamic basis, says CBO–$3.4 trillion compared to earlier $3 trillion estimate 6/17: Further Updated CBO estimate including dynamic economic effects: $3.4 trillion deficit increase 6/12: CBO estimates making tax provisions in the bill permanent would increase the cost to $4.5 trillion. 6/12: CBO estimates resources would decrease for households toward the bottom of the income distribution, whereas resources would increase for households in the middle and top of the income distribution. Interactive 6/11: House GOP used adoption of a “rule” to tweak the budget bill prior to its official transmittal to the Senate in order to avoid Byrd Rule violations in the Senate. 6/5: CBO released estimate that House bill would increase debt service payments by $551 billion, increasing the bill’s total cost to $3 trillion. 6/4: CBO released estimate that House bill and related policy decisions would increase the number of uninsured by 16 million 6/4: Updated CBO cost estimate for House bill 5/22: Amended bill passed the House 215-214 (party line vote, except for 2 Republicansvoting no, 1 voting present, and 2 not voting) Bill Text and GOP Leadership Amendment CBO cost estimate JCT revenue estimates JCT description of provisions CBO distributional analysis JCT distributional analysis CBO estimates by committee Trillions summary of the bill 10 troubling provisions you may have missed |
Senate Floor action not scheduled yet. First, committees must meet to approve their draft packages. Second, Budget Committee must combine all the pieces into a single bill. Then, the bill can be taken up on the Floor where amendments, motions to strike provisions, and Byrd Rule points of order can be expected. |
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| House and Senate Budget Committees Combine Reconciliation Titles into Single Bill for Floor Consideration |
Following committee mark-ups of budget reconciliation language, the House and Senate Budget Committees each hold a “mark-up” to formally combine the various titles (without change) into a single reconciliation bill and vote to send the bill to the full House and Senate for consideration. | 5/18: The House Budget Committee in a rare Sunday night markup advanced the combined budget reconciliation bill 17-16 (with 4 Republicans voting present)—after initially rejecting it last Friday 16-21 over demands by 5 committee Republicans for additional spending cuts. Weekend negotiations with the 5 GOP “no” votes, allowed the bill to move forward Sunday evening with assurances of continuing negotiations on more spending cuts and allowing 4 of the 5 Republicans to vote “present,” rather than “yes,” on reporting the bill to the full House. Bill Text Current Compilation of CBO Cost Estimates on Budget Reconciliation |
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| Extension of 2017 tax cuts expiring at the end of 2025 with a temporary boost to the standard deduction and child tax credit; new tax cuts for overtime pay, tip income, seniors, car loan interest on American cars; increased cap on state and local tax (SALT) deduction. | Hse. Ways & Means: not more than $4.5 trillion* Sen. Finance: |
5/14: Committee approved legislation 26-19 JCT distributional analysis of tax provisions Watch markup video REVISED TEXT JCT DESCRIPTION 5/12: W&M releases Chairman’s mark 5/12: Politico summary of Chairman’s mark 5/12: WP: House GOP reveals Trump’s tax breaks for tips, overtime and car loans in bill, but costs run high 5/12: Republican Tax Plan Boosts SALT Deduction, Ends Green-Energy Breaks; Proposal ends some taxes on tipped income and overtime pay and extends Trump’s expiring 2017 tax cuts. For recent articles on negotiations leading up to the W&M markup, link to our Federal Tax News page |
6/17: Bloomberg comparison of House and Senate tax provisions 6/17: Click HERE for Ranking Democrat Statement 6/16: Senate bill would make deep cuts to Medicaid, setting up fight with House. 6/16: Senate Rs seek tougher Medicaid cuts and lower SALT deduction in Trump’s big bill 6/16: Senate Rs cool to Finance Comm. plan 6/16: Chairman Crapo releases Finance Committee Reconciliation Text Click HERE to view bill text. Click HERE for a section-by-section. Click HERE for a bill overview. Click HERE to view the 2025 Tax Reform landing page. 6/6: Wyden, Schumer, Finance Democrats Demand Committee Markup of Republican Reconciliation Bill. Text of Letter |
| Debt Limit Increase | Hse. Ways & Means increase by $4 trillion Sen. Finance |
SEC. 113001. MODIFICATION OF LIMITATION ON THE PUBLIC DEBT. The limitation under section 3101(b) of title 31, United States Code, as most recently increased by section 401(b) of Public Law 118–5 (31 U.S.C. 3101 note), is increased by $4,000,000,000,000. | SEC. 72001. MODIFICATION OF LIMITATION ON THE PUBLIC DEBT. The limitation under section 3101(b) of title 31, 25 United States Code, as most recently increased by section 401(b) of Public Law 118–5 (31 U.S.C. 3101 note), is increased by $5,000,000,000,000. |
| Defense Increases | Hse. Armed Services: not more than $100 billion Sen. Armed Services: |
4/29: Committee approved legislation 35-21 4/29 Markup (video) 5/5: CBO Cost Estimate Bill Text Overview Section-by-Section Amendments House and Senate Armed Services Committees marked up a $150 billion multiyear package including shipbuilding, missile defense, modernizing the nuclear triad, improving Taiwan’s self-defense, aircraft, border security. and auditing capabilities. |
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| Immigration Enforcement and Border Spending Increases (Homeland Security Committee jurisdiction) |
Hse. Homeland Sec: not more than $90 billion Sen. HSGAC: |
4/29: Committee approved legislation 18-14 4/29 Markup (video) 5/9: CBO released $67 b cost estimate of HSec legislation Bill text Bill summary Homeland panel approves billions for border wall construction and other security measures Post-markup press release |
6/12: The language provides $39 billion in new spending for border security and immigration enforcement; and cuts $24 billion from federal employees and investments in fuel efficient postal vehicles. | Text | Section by Section | Savings Summary.However, in a highly unusual turn of events, Senate Budget Chairman Lindsey Graham unveiled alternative language for the Homeland Security portion of the bill, asserting Paul’s version does not provide sufficient funds for immigration and border enforcement. | Text | One-Pager | The Graham alternative would provide roughly $46.5 billion for border infrastructure (similar to the House-passed version), $45 billion for ICE detentions, and $10 billion in reimbursements to states. |
| Immigration Enforcement and Border Spending Increases (Judiciary Committee jurisdiction) |
Hse. Judiciary: not more than $110 billion Sen. Judiciary: |
4/30: Committee approved legislation 23-17 5/19 CBO estimate Text of legislation and amendments 4/30 Markup (video) Bill Text and Amendments Committee print Ranking Dem Raskin statement The plan includes a $1000 fee to claim asylum and a $3500 fee for sponsors of unaccompanied children, and provides $45 billion in new spending for migrant detention centers, $14.4 billion for migrant removal, and $8 billion for new ICE staff. The Judiciary language also includes the controversial REINS Act would require any “major rule that increases revenue” to be approved via a joint resolution of the House and Senate before taking effect. |
6/12: the Senate language boosts funding for DHS, ICE, and DOJ immigration enforcement, judges, and border security; reimburses border states for immigration enforcement; imposes high fees on immigration applications including at least $1,000 for asylees; adds funds for the Secret Service; and reauthorizes the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act. | Text | Section by Section | One-Pager.
Politico reports the bill does not include language sought by conservatives to require congressional approval for some new federal regulations. Also, the bill does not include House language that would limit the ability of federal courts to enforce contempt orders, but does include limitations on preliminary injunctions and temporary restraining orders by requiring the posting of bonds. |
| Spending Increase | Sen. Commerce: not more than $20 billion |
6/5: Commerce Chair Ted Cruz released reconciliation package including: $85B in revenue from a new spectrum auction; $24.6B for improvements to the Coast Guard’s fleet and facilities; $12.5B to overhaul air traffic control; 9.9B toward space systems; and $1.2B in rescissions. To read the bill text, click HERE. For a highlight page, click HERE. For a summary page, click HERE. For a section-by-section, click HERE. |
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| Spending Increase | Sen. Environment & Public Works not more than $1 billion |
6/4: EPW Chair Shelley Moore Capito released reconciliation package including a pause on the methane emissions tax (methane has the most severe climate impact of all fossil fuels); the repeal of all clean energy investments in the Inflation Reduction Act; expedited environmental reviews, repeal of tailpipe emission standards; and funds for Kennedy Center repairs. Click HERE to view text. Click HERE to view a section-by-section. Click HERE to view a one-pager. |
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| Cuts to health programs including MEDICAID, and other budget savings from spectrum auctions, energy and telecommunications. |
Hse. Energy & Commerce Committee (jurisdiction over Medicaid, Medicare, Energy, Telecomm, Commerce) at least $880 billion |
5/11: Preliminary CBO estimate: number of people without health coverage would increase by 13.7 million in 2034 5/14 – Committee approved legislation 30-24 5/20: SUMMARY of MEDICAID, ACA, MEDICARE, HSA provisions in reconciliation 5/13 Markup (video) 5/14 Markup (video) CLICK HERE to read the Energy Subtitle. CLICK HERE to read the Environment Subtitle. CLICK HERE to read the Communications Subtitle. CLICK HERE to read the Health Subtitle. CLICK HERE to read the Section by Section. CLICK HERE to read a summary of the health provisions CBO letter For recent articles on negotiations leading up to the E&C markup, link to our Medicaid page. |
6/10: Republicans back off Medicare changes in GOP megabill. An effort to get savings from reforms to popular Medicare Advantage plans is failing to gain ground in the Senate. |
| SNAP (Food Stamp) cuts and other farm bill provisions |
Hse. Agriculture at least $230 billion Sen. Agriculture |
5/22: CBO estimated impact of House SNAP cuts: $285 billion and 4.75 million fewer people receiving food. 5/14: Committee approved legislation 29-25 5/13: Markup (video) 5/14: Markup (video) Legislative Text Section-by-Section Summary Overview Summary GOP one-pager on work requirements GOP one-pager on state accountability 5/12: Dem statement on cuts to SNAP 5/12: Committee releases plan to push SNAP costs onto the States 5/12: US House looks to hike work requirements for food aid 5/13: SNAP cuts would save roughly $300 billion–well over the instructed target of $230 billion, giving Republicans room to include a $60 billion farm bill package 5/13: Letter from APHSA to Ag Committees 5/15: House Ag Comm approves $300 billion in nutrition spending cuts |
6/11: Senate Agriculture Committee released its portion of the budget bill, which dials back the work requirements for parents of dependent children in the SNAP (food stamps) program. Under the Senate version, work requirement would not apply to parents of children under age 10. However, the Senate version would still significantly cut federal support of the SNAP program, and would eliminate funding for the SNAP-Ed program which teaches good nutrition to at-risk youth. | Text | Section by Section | One-Pager | Q&A | Rural Provisions | Dem-Stmt on Cuts to SNAP
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| Cuts to student loans and Pell Grants | Hse. Education & Workforce at least $330 billion Sen. Health, Education, Labor, Pensions |
4/29: Committee approved legislation 21-14 Analysis of impact on Pell Grants and student loans 4/29 Markup (video) 5/15: CBO Cost Estimate Press Release Links to Bill Text and Chairman’s Mark The legislation caps the amount of federal loans a student can take out, cuts off Pell Grant for students who attend less than half time, consolidates income-driven repayment plans, and introduces a risk-sharing program where colleges are partially responsible for unpaid student loans. In general, under the Committee’s financial aid reforms, student loans would cost more and fewer people would be eligible for Pell grants. |
6/10: Senate HELP (Health, Education, Labor, Pensions) Committee released its portion of the budget bill placing limitations on student loans and Pell Grants, claiming budgetary savings of at least $300 billion. | Text | Section by Section | One-Pager | Dem-Stmt. One analysis predicts that the Senate GOP higher education provisions would unleash “an avalanche of student loan defaults.” Another analysis says the Senate language improves on the House bill, but “will still harm millions of students and borrowers.” |
| Cut Funding for Consumer Financial Protection Bureau; Eliminate the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and transfer to SEC; Rescind HUD funds |
Hse. Financial Services at least $1 billion Sen. Banking |
4/30: Committee approved legislation 30-22 4/30 Markup (video) 5/7: CBO Cost Estimate Bill text Committee Background Memorandum 4/30: approved provisions to rescind funds for energy efficiency retrofits of housing; dissolve the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (responsible for auditing publicly traded companies) and fold it into the Securities and Exchange Commission; and reduce funding of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (by almost 60 percent). CBO cost estimate |
6/6: Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Comm. Chair Scott releases budget reconciliation package including: decreasing the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s (CFPB) funding cap; establishing pay parity between the Federal Reserve and Treasury Dept.; ending the Office of Financial Research (OFR); transferring Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) functions to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); reducing small business lending data collection mandates; rescinds funds from the Inflation Reduction Act’s green housing initiatives; rescinds funds from the SEC Reserve Fund; and provides $1 billion in funding for the Defense Production Act (DPA) . For legislative text, click here. For a one-pager, click here. For a section-by-section, click here. |
| Expanding Oil & Gas Leases on Federal Lands, and in Federal Waters |
Hse. Natural Resources at least $1 billion Sen. Energy & Natural Resources |
5/6: Committee approved legislation 26-17 5/6: Mark-up video 5/19: CBO Cost Estimate Markup Page Chairman’s Mark Bill Text and Amendments Ranking Democrat calls it “the most destructive environmental bill in American history.“ |
6/11: Senate Energy & Natural Resources Committee released its portion of the budget bill, which sells off up to 3.3 million acres of federal land, purportedly for housing or community development, rescinds clean energy investments, expands fossil fuel development on federal lands including ANWR, cuts royalty rates, and increases timber harvests. | Text | Section by Section | One-Pager | One-Pager on Land Sales | Q&A | Dem-Stmt. |
| Pension Cuts for Federal Workers, Increased Pension Contributions, and Requiring new Workers to Give Up Civil Service Protections or Lose Pay |
Hse. Oversight & Government Reform at least $50 billion |
4/30: Committee approved legislation 22-21 4/30: Markup (video) 5/13: CBO Cost Estimate Bill Text and Amendments Bill Summary Markup summary The GOP approved plan would effectively cut take-home pay, cut pensions, and require federal employees to decide between taking a reduced paycheck or keeping their civil service protections. 4/30: Dems, unions blast bill as assault on federal workers 4/30: Summary by Nat’l Assoc. of Postal Supervisors 5/8: Scalise hinted leadership could change the committee’s federal worker provisions 5/19: Increase in FERS contribution rate dropped from bill 5/20: Revisions cancel $30 – $40 billion of federal worker cuts |
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| Rollback of Inflation Reduction Act Climate Investments; New Spending on FAA and Coast Guard |
Hse. Transportation & Infrastructure at least $10 billion |
4/30: Committee approved legislation 36-30 4/30 Markup (video) 5/13: CBO Cost Estimate Bill Language Summary of legislation Approved provisions to rescind Inflation Reduction Act climate investments, impose fees on electric vehicles and hybrids to offset gas tax losses, and increase spending for the Coast Guard ($21b) and air traffic control ($12b) modernization, with net deficit reduction exceeding the Committee’s $10 billion reconciliation instruction. The Committee rejected a universal $20 car fee to stabilize the ailing Highway Trust Fund. |
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| *The Ways & Means tax cut instructions are to be reduced below $4.5 trillion if total spending cuts by House committees fall below $2 trillion, and may increase above $4.5 trillion if total spending cuts by House committees exceed $2 trillion. (section 4001 of budget resolution). | |||
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